However, the space underlying vision seems to be multifactorial, i.e., there seems to be no unique common factor for vision (for reviews, see Mollon, Bosten, Peterzell, & Webster, 2017 Tulver, 2019).
In analogy, a strong common factor for vision may be expected, i.e., it may be that an individual who performs better in one visual task compared to other individuals also performs better in other visual tasks, suggesting that there is a single monolithic structure underlying vision. Age-related changes of different cognitive functions, such as perceptual speed and reasoning skills, were indeed reported to significantly correlate. For example, there seems to be a strong common factor for cognition in healthy aging, that is, cognitive abilities are reliably affected with age (e.g., Baltes & Lindenberger, 1997 Kiely & Anstey, 2017 Lindenberger & Ghisletta, 2009). Hence, it is unlikely that the individual differences in the perception of visual illusions arise from instability across eyes, time, and measurement methods.Ĭommon factors are ubiquitous in everyday life. Last, we compared two illusion measurements, namely an adjustment procedure and a method of constant stimuli, which both led to similar individual differences. Second, we observed stable individual differences over time. In addition, illusion magnitudes were not significantly predicted by visual acuity.
First, we did not find any significant differences in the magnitudes of the seven illusions tested with monocular or binocular viewing conditions. Here, we examined to what extent individual differences in the perception of visual illusions are stable across eyes, time, and measurement methods. We previously observed strong within-illusion correlations but only weak between-illusion correlations, arguing in favor of an even higher multifactorial space with-more or less-each illusion making up its own factor. Other studies proposed that there are several subclasses of illusions, such as illusions of linear extent or distortions. For example, some studies suggested that there is a unique common factor for all visual illusions. Hence, before having acquired many words of their language, they have grasped enough of their native phonological grammar to constrain their perception of speech sound sequences.Vision scientists have tried to classify illusions for more than a century. These results show that the phonologically induced /u/ illusion is already experienced by Japanese infants at the age of 14 months. In Experiment 3, we found that, like adults, Japanese infants can discriminate abna from abuna when phonetic variability is reduced (single item). In Experiment 2, 8-month-old French and Japanese did not differ significantly from each other. In Experiment 1, we observed that 14-month-old Japanese infants, in contrast to French infants, failed to discriminate phonetically varied sets of abna-type and abuna-type stimuli. To study the development of phonological grammar, we compared Japanese and French infants in a discrimination task. Previous work has shown that Japanese speakers, unlike French speakers, break up illegal sequences of consonants with illusory vowels: they report hearing abna as abuna. In adults, native language phonology has strong perceptual effects.
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